Analysis Tool

    Problem Tree Analysis

    A visual framework for understanding the relationship between a problem's causes and effects.

    Craig A. Bowman, Common Ground Consulting
    Updated February 2026

    What is Problem Tree Analysis?

    Problem Tree Analysis is a visual tool that helps advocacy teams understand the relationship between a problem's causes and effects. Like a tree, the analysis has three parts: the trunk (core problem), branches (effects), and roots (causes). This helps teams move beyond symptoms to identify root causes for lasting change.

    The Three Parts

    BRANCHES

    Effects & Consequences

    TRUNK

    The Core Problem

    ROOTS

    Underlying Causes

    Trunk: The Core Problem

    Write the central problem as a clear, specific statement. Phrase it as a negative condition that's actionable but broad enough to capture the issue's scope.

    Branches: Effects and Consequences

    Map what happens because of the problem—direct and indirect effects, short-term and long-term consequences. First-level effects lead to second-level effects.

    Roots: Causes

    Identify immediate causes (directly create the problem), underlying causes (create conditions), and root causes (fundamental factors). Advocacy is most effective when addressing root causes.

    How to Facilitate a Session

    1
    Gather your team:Include people with direct experience of the problem.
    2
    Write the core problem:Place it in the center of your workspace.
    3
    Map the effects:Ask 'What happens because of this problem?' Write effects above as branches.
    4
    Identify the causes:Ask 'What causes this problem?' Write causes below as roots. Keep asking 'why?'
    5
    Review the tree:Check for missing causes or effects. Verify relationships.
    6
    Select advocacy targets:Identify which root causes your campaign could realistically address.

    From Problem Tree to Objective Tree

    Flip your problem tree to create an "objective tree" by converting negatives to positives:

    • • Problem → objective
    • • Effects → outcomes
    • • Causes → strategies

    Tips for Effective Analysis

    • Include diverse perspectives, especially those directly affected
    • Be specific—vague causes lead to vague strategies
    • Don't stop too soon—keep asking "why?" to find root causes
    • Focus on causes you can influence through advocacy
    • Document your analysis for future reference

    Attribution: Problem Tree Analysis is a widely-used participatory planning tool. This guide reflects Common Ground Consulting's approach.